1.b> i> 1) i> -; , ; by the fire [road, window] [, ]; by the sea , ; by the side of the road ; to sit by smb. / by smb.'s side / ; to stand by smb. ) ; ) ( ); ;
2) i> ; ; to walk by smb., smth. , ; to pass by smb.'s window ; the train flashed by us ; a path by the river ;
3) i> / i>:i> to travel by London ; to come by the door [by the side entrance] [ ] ;
2.b> i> -; by two o'clock ; by the end of the year ; by then ; he ought to be here by now ; by the time that ... , ...;
3.b> (.i> i>) i> 1) ,i> i> ( i>); the play was written by Shakespeare ; a novel by Dickens ; a painting by Van Gogh ; a speech by the Foreign Secretary ; the city was destroyed by fire ; the house was struck by lightning ;
2) i> ; by gas ; engines driven by electricity ; roads linked by a bridge ; absorption of moisture by activated carbon / ; may I pay by check ? we broaden our outlook by learning languages ; to get one's living by teaching ; he began the work by collecting material ;
4.b> i> 1) , .i> i> -; by air ; by bus ; by rail ; by water ; by post ; by airmail ;
2) , i>:i> by degrees ; by turns , ; ; drop by drop ; one by one, man by man -, ; day by day ) , ) ; step by step -; two by two, by twos -; by threes -; by good luck, by fortune ; by chance ; by mistake, by (an) error ;
5.b> : to take [to seize] smb. by the hand [];
6.b> , i> ; to do one's duty by smb. ; to act / to deal, to do / well by smb. ;
7.b> i> -; ; by law [by birth, by name, by nature, by trade] [, , , ]; by the stipulations of the treaty ; by smb.'s request ; by your permission / leave / ; by your consent ; twenty degrees by F. ; by all accounts ; to judge by smb.'s appearance [face, smile] / [, ] ; I know him by sight , / ; to call a child by the name of smb. ; he goes by the name of John ; , ;
8.b> i> 1) i> / i> / , i> -; by the piece ; by (the) dozen(s) ; to sell by the pound / by pounds / ;
2) i>:i> to pay [engage] by month [by the day] [] () [];
9.b> / i> -; -; to die by starvation / by hunger / ; to die by sword ; to have a child by smb. ; to know by experience ;
10.b> i> 1) i> -; older by two years ; taller by a foot ; to lessen by a third ; interest rates have been increased by 0.25% 0.25%-i> ; by far, by much ; he is better by far ;
2) i> -; ten (multiplied) by two , ; ten divided by two ; a hall twenty feet by ten , ;
11.b> i>:i> X by Dover X-i> ;
12.b> 1) , ..i>:i> North by East .i> -; the island lies North by East from here .i> - ;
2) : by the right! .i> ! by the numbers! .i> !
13.b> i>:i> by dint ofb> , ; he succeeded by dint of perseverance ; by means ofb> ; he achieved success by means of hard work ; by virtue ofb> ; ; ; by virtue of the treaty ; by way ofb> ; we'll come back by way of mountains / ; by the way, by the byeb> ; by dayb> ; by nightb> ; by land and by seab> ; (all) by oneselfb> ) , ; ) () , , ; he did it (all) by himself (); to have / to keep / smth. by oneb> (); he has no money [papers] by him []; , i> by God, by Jingo, by gollyb> .i> .i> -i>.
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